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This was the first report of the fungus in the USA and has since been recorded in British Columbia, Canada (Callan et al., 2011). It is noted that the species is still spreading in Europe and there has been some speculation that it has potential to become invasive in this region (Allen 2003; Loos and Keil, 2006). www.cal-ipc.org. Avian dispersal of exotic shrubs in an archipelago. Stems have strong, broad-based spines that hold on tenaciously and older stems are five-angled. Similarly disking or ploughing should be repeated and care taken that the rhizomes are not spread further. The environment in practice 0629, Bern, Madeleine Florin, Consultant, The Netherlands. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html. R. armeniacus has two frequently used, but incorrect, synonyms that cause much confusion, R. procerus and R. discolor. It soon escaped cultivation and has since naturalized in many temperate areas around the world. In Australia, species from the R.fruticosus aggregate are present and recognized as invasive but R. armeniacus has not been recognized as a species from this group of national significance (NSW Department of Primary Industries Weed Management Unit, 2009). © Copyright 2020 CAB International. Roots can sprout at the tips and both root and cane cuttings can establish new plants. Tuexenia, 18:95-102. The mean annual rainfall for its distribution is 760 mm, however, in drier climates it is confined to riparian zones or alongside artificial waterways (Francis, 2014). The PLANTS Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. The “berries” of Rubus plants are not berries in a botanical sense. Rubus anglocandicans (Rosaceae) is the most widespread taxon of European blackberry in Australia. Himalayan blackberry, originally from Europe, through the work of the famous plant breeder Luther Burbank. Berkeley, California, USA: Calflora Database. This species is highly invasive and can form impenetrable thickets which have a negative impact on native flora and fauna. Callan BE; Wall R; Dale P; Joshi V, 2011. http://wiki.bugwood.org/Rubus_armeniacus, Calflora, 2016. Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry); fruits and foliage. Surrey, UK: Surrey Botanical Society, 18 pp. Himalayan blackberry out-competes native understory vegetation and prevents the establishment of native trees that require sun for germination such as Pacific Madrone, Douglas Fir and Western White Pine. This is also the case in South Africa (Molewa, 2014). A study across 91 islands in the Gulf Islands of British Columbia, Canada and the San Juan Islands of Washington state, USA, confirmed that birds play a key role in spreading R. armeniacus (Bennett et al., 2011). North American Fungi, 6(14):1. http://www.pnwfungi.org/articles_volume_6.htm, Caplan JS; Yeakley JA, 2006. In: E.R.I.C.A, 25 97-116. Pullman, Washington, USA: USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, 3 pp. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. It is also a host to the leafhopper Homalodisca vitripennis, which carries the bacteria and facilitates the spread of the disease (Calflora, 2015). Many publications also use the common name Himalayan blackberry when referring to both R. discolor and R. armeniacus. http://www.theplantlist.org. The environment in practice 0629. Müll.) Interesting Himalayas Facts: 6-10. Common names are from state and federal lists. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/esm_fac/61, Allen DE, 2003. After Antarctica and Arctic, the Himalayan ranges is the home to third-largest deposit of snow and ice on this planet. Given that new plants can establish from cane and root cuttings, it is likely that accidental dispersal occurs when plant material is cut and carried and accidentally deposited on new sites. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx, USDA-NRCS, 2015. They form on second year canes and ripen from mid-summer to fall. It has the tendency to form dense thickets making it difficult for shade intolerant species to survive. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/coos/sites/default/files/agriculture/cces213blackberryrustfungusmay2012.pdf, PIER, 2015. Torbjorn T, Karlsson T, Rapp M, Sahlin U, 2015. Foliar applied herbicides have been reported most effective when the plants are in full leaf and this can be enhanced when the plants are water stressed (Soll, 2004). Thickets can produce 7,000-13,000 seeds per square meter, and seeds can remain viable in the soil for several years. Seeds germinate in spring and once seedlings are established much of the subsequent reproduction is vegetative. Leaf blades are 3-12 cm long, ovate to orbicular and dark green in colour. Himalayan blackberry, Rubus armeniacus. Both these botanists support that the two synonyms are not valid, noting that R. praecoxand R. ulmifolius are two species endemic to Europe. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry summers), Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC), Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC), First introductions were for horticultural purposes, Root and cane cuttings can establish new plants, Rubus hedycarpus subsp. USDA-ARS, 2015. And gave a blunder. (Die Rubus-Flora der Nordfriesischen Insel Amrum.). ©Karan A. Rawlins/University of Georgia/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US. Himalayan blackberry (HBB) is a native of Western Europe. In 2005 a rust fungus, Phragmidium violaceum, infecting R. armeniacus was reported in Oregon, USA. Anecdotal and official awareness of the risks will likely limit the risk of further introduction. > 0°C, dry summers, Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter, Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. An inventory of alien species and their threat to biodiversity and economy in Switzerland. http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Rubus_discolor_BIO_RUDI2.pdf. Kitaibelia, 19(2):220-228. For native wildlife, Himalayan blackberry disrupts natural movement patterns and foraging behaviors, as the thick stems and sharp thorns make moving through areas difficult and the plant unpalatable. A total of 12000 cubic kilometers or 3000 cubic miles of fresh water is stored within the 15,000 glaciers that are found within the Himalayan range. Himalayan blackberry., USDA Forest Service, University of Puerto Rico. DOI:10.1023/B:GRES.0000024026.26655.d7, Haveman R, Ronde I de, Bijlsma R J, Schaminée J, 2014. 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